Link Collection

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The links listed are sites I regularly use for teaching or research and I share them as bookmarks, than rather a reviewed link collection.
Please note: some inner links might not work properly until I finish moving all my files to this new site

EVOLUTION

Evolution of birds (dino - bird transition)

 

Here are some notes I made for a book being written (NOT about evolution). As this material has not been reviewed, please, use this page as a link collection, and nothing more.

Names are translated and explained at : http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/dinos/dml/names/aves.htm

Cladograms: http://www.peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/cfd/CFDclado.html

     
                 
   
    Taxon     Link
   
           
   

Amniota ToL

 

  Synapsida     (mammals and extinct relatives) ToL
   
   
   

Reptilia

 

(Anapsida)   perhaps Diapsida, see PMID: 9826682 (turtles) ToL
   
   
   
Diapsida
Lepidosauromorpha     (lizards) ToL
   
   
   
(Archosauromorpha)
(Placodontia, Choristodera, Rhynchosauria Trilophosauria Prolacertiformes Proterosuchia Erythrosuchia Proterochapmsia) 220

Longisquama

Jones et al (2000) claimed that the older than dinosaur creature on picture had feathers on its back. If true, that would indicate, that dinosaures could not be ancestors of birds.
However, Prum (2001) argued, that the appendices were not feathers, but scales. Some say, that appendages could have been a missing link between scales and feathers.

News item at New Scientist, Eurekalert

Pics: at webpage of the discoverer's son

   
   
   
Archosauria ToL
Crocodylomorpha     (crocodiles and their extinct relatives)
   
  Pterosauria      
        Lagerpeton      
        Lagosuchis        
        Lewisuchus      
               
         
   
Dinosauria
Ornithischia     (bird-hipped plant-eating dinosaurs) ToL
   
   
   
Saurischia
Sauropodomorpha     ToL
   
   
   
Theropoda ToL
Eoraptor 228 One meter long, most primitive Dinosaure ever found. Razor sharp teeth and long claws.
Description and pic at Univ. Chicago
         
   
Herrerasaurus    
         
      Ceratosauria (Dilophosaurus, Ceratosaurus, and relatives)      
         
      Torvosauridae      
         
   
Feathered Dinosaurs
Allosauroidea      
         
      Compsognathus 155-145

Bird sized, bird-like dino. Description at EnchantLearn, sceleton and reconstruction at Scarr. Fossil pic at Berkely. Downy feather like filaments

Nice pic at RMH

         
      Sinosauropteryx 120


downy feathers

Dinosaur with downy feathers on back. Feather filaments are not bound together as in flying birds. Perhaps such feathers were useful for thermal insulation.
Description at Peabody Museum, EnchantedLearning. News item at New Scientist, ENN.
Artistic reconstruction: by Ray

 

         
      Tyrannosauroia ToL 85-65

Notes on T. rex: at Berkely, EnchantLearning,

Pic: pencil by Csotonyi

         
      Ornithomimosauria (ostrich-like dinosaurs) 65-83
Ornithomimus

Ostrich like, toothless dinosaur, very fast runner. See pic of Ornithomimus (pic) or Struthiomimus (pic). This group shows convergent evolution with ratite birds.

EnchantLearn,

         
      Oviraptorosauria   Oviraptors ran on hind legs, had three claws on forearm. The pic shows skull of Conchoraptor with parrot like bills. More
         
   
Maniraptora

Protarchaeopteryx

(early ancient wing)

120-150 Turkey sized dinosaur with downy feather. Evolved for forelimb strikes, similar to wing movements in flying birds. Found in China
Description at Peabody Museum. or EnchLearn.
         
      Caudipteryx 120-150

Downy feathers, plus more evolved bird-like feathers on tail tip and hands. Could not fly. Description at Peabody Museum, popular news at ABC,

 

         
      Troodontidae
(wounding tooth)
70-76

2-3.5 m long, cca 50 kg, large brain/body ratio, bird like legs.

Description at EncantLearn, DinoData
pic at DinoData,

         
           

Microraptor

Microraptor zhaoianus, the first non-avian dinosuar smaller than Archaeopteryx, reported by Xa et al in Nature. More bird-like teeth, wishbone (NS), description at Dinosauricon. Feather-like filaments. Probabably a climber.

Sinornithosaurus millenii reported in Nature
News item at BBC, New Scientist, ENN

           

NEW FINDING

2003

Remains of a four winged Microraptor was found in China.

The creature was about 1 metre long. "This is clearly a small dinosaur, but equipped for climbing and with well developed feathers on its arms which have flight capability and assisted by gliding feathers on its hind legs."

News item at BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2684927.stm
Nature Science Update:
http://www.nature.com/nsu/030120/030120-7.html

      Dromaeosauridae    
          75

Bambiraptor, the most convincing evolutionary link yet between dinosaurs and birds: a 75 million-year-old creature with a roadrunner's body, arms that resembled clawed wings, and thin, hair-like feathers, anatomically it is the most bird-like dinosaur yet discovered. DinoData, ABC, GravesMuseum, more pics, interactive pics

 

         
   
Unenlagia 90

Bird-like shoulder joint, could not fly (perhaps lost this capability). True birds had existed for 80 million years before Unenlagia, and even Archaeopteryx is older by 60 million years. Still, Unenlaga may represent a transitional form between dinos and birds.
Description at Dinosauricon, EnchantLearn, UC, DinoData, Scientific AmPictures: reconstruction

         
   
Aviale

Archaeopteryx lithographica

(ancient wing)

150

Archeaopteryx is a bird (feathers) with distinct dinosaurian characters.

discussion in great detail: Talk_Origins

         
     

Rahona ostromi

(Ostrom's manace)

65-70

Reported by Forster et al in Science. Raven-sized, long wings, efficient flight, but bony tail and dino legs. NS, ENN

         
      Alvarezsauridae 75-85

Shuvuuia deserti, 1m long, jaw is avian, probably had feather like filaments (Nature).

Description at Dinosauricon, Am. Museum of Nat Hist., DinoData,
News: AccessExcel,

 

         
   
Confuciosornis sanctus 120-150

Nearly modern flight apparatus, avian beak, but claws in forearm. Describers critisised illustration published by Scientific American (interesting letter)

Description at Peabody Museum, Dinosauria on-line, New Scientist

         
   
    115

Enantiornis leali, size of a vulture.
More at: Dinosauricon

             
      Enantiornithes 115   Eoalulavis hoyasi, size of a finch. The earliest bird known to have bastard wing (alula) as in modern birds. Helped them to maneuvere even at low speed. (Dinosauricon), DinoData, more,
             
             

Gobipteryx lacks teeth
See eggs,

News item: New Scientist, more,

 

         
   
Patagopteryx  

Lenght: 75 cm, wings were quite short, indicating that it had lost the ability to fly. Although reconstructed as having a short tail with no pygostyle, it probably did have a pygostyle.

Description Dinosauricon

Watercolour reconstruction at: Zoobotanica

 

         
   
Hesperornithes  

On pic: Hesperornis regalis, marine toothed bird, flightless

Pic: ink, photo,

         
   
Ornithurines 80 no pic on reconstructed form available yet.

Apsaravis ukhaana: (Norell and Clarke in Nature) Pigeon sized bird, lived in terrestrial habitat, bird-like muscle arrangements enabling flapping.

Description: Dinosauricon,

News: ScientAmer, Yale

         
   
Ichthyornis  

Marine bird, powerful wings, probably could fly, had teeth

Description at Dinosauricon, RMH

         
   
Aves
         
   
         

Recent discoveries


2007-11-07

Dinosaurs breathed like penguins. Dinosaurs like Velociraptors owe their fearsome reputation to the way they breathed, according to a UK study. BBC


2007-09-24

Velociraptor dino 'had feathers'. The ferocious Velociraptor, made famous in the movie Jurassic Park, was probably covered in feathers. BBC

 


August, 2004
Bird brain reveals flight secrets

The computer-generated image revealed that the anatomy of the brain corresponded very closely with that of modern flying birds.

It revealed well-developed semicircular canals in the inner ear, which are used for balance, and enlarged optic lobes for vision. Both essential features for efficient flight.
BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3535272.stm

************************

07 March, 2002 Nature 416, 36 - 37 (2002)

Palaeontology: 'Modern' feathers on a non-avian dinosaur
MARK NORELL et al.

Discoveries of integumentary coverings on non-avian theropod dinosaurs are becoming commonplace. But the only definitive evidence so far that any of these animals had feathers as we know them today has come from the oviraptorosaur Caudipteryx and the enigmatic coleurosaur Protarchaeopteryx, both of which are considered by some to be secondarily flightless birds. Here we describe the occurrence of pinnate feathers, which clearly feature a rachis and barbs, on a small, non-avian dromaeosaur from northern China. This finding indicates that feathers of modern aspect evolved in dinosaurs before the emergence of birds and flight.

http://www.nature.com/nlink/v416/n6876/abs/416036a_fs.html

News item at BBC

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1858000/1858574.stm


18 February, 2002
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/sci_tech/2002/boston_2002/newsid_1828000/1828224.stm
Sensational fossil discoveries were unveiled on Monday, including the most primitive wishbone yet found in a dinosaur...The wishbone, or furcula, is significant because it informs the debate on whether birds evolved from dinosaurs; until recently the V-shaped bone was thought to be a unique feature in birds.

The fossil furcula shown off by Dr Sereno was part of the skeleton of an 11-metre-long predator known as a spinosaur. Although the 110-million-year-old wishbone is not the oldest known to science, the creature from which it came had a very deep lineage. ...


February 18. 2002
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-02/fm-nsc021102.php

New species clarifies bird-dinosaur link

CHICAGO – The discovery and analysis of an early carnivorous dinosaur, Sinovenator changii, are clarifying the evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds, according to a paper to be published in Nature Feb. 14, 2002.

The small, relatively complete fossil was found in the rich Yixian Formation of western Liaoning in China, where scientists have recently discovered many groundbreaking fossils, including feathered dinosaurs.

“This new dinosaur, which was probably feathered, is closely related to and almost the same age as the oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx,” says Peter Makovicky, PhD, assistant curator of dinosaurs at The Field Museum and co-author of the paper. “It demonstrates that major structural modifications toward birds occurred much earlier in the evolutionary process than previously thought.

...The fossil is more than 130 million years old and sheds light on dinosaurs during the transition from the Jurassic period to the Cretaceous period. Sinovenator changii (sigh-no-ven-ay-tor chang-eye) is a troodontid (tro-don-tid), a type of theropod (tare-a-pod). Although many theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus, are large animals, theropods close to the ancestry of birds show an evolutionary trend toward small body size. ...

Abstract of Nature article

BBC News Item: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2132152.stm

The size of a large crow, the beast lived sometime between 140 and 125 million years ago. It has a gut full of seeds - the first direct evidence of seed eating in a bird: http://www.nature.com/nsu/020722/020722-5.html


New theory on the origin of flight

A new theory of how dinosaurs learned to fly has emerged.
According to a US scientist, flight may have evolved in two-legged dinosaurs that flapped their feathered fore-limbs to climb slopes.

News at BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2664541.stm
Original article in Science-.


04-10-14

Fossil dinosaur slept like a bird

The dinosaur, named Mei long, or 'soundly sleeping dragon', has lain undisturbed for almost 140 million years. But its sleeping posture is strikingly similar to that of modern birds, showing that this position might have evolved before they did.

M. long seems to have died with its hindlimbs folded underneath it and its head tucked under one forelimb, just as birds roost with their head under their wing.

more at NSU (you need to register)


05-01-21

Ducks may have been paddling about in primeval swamps when T. rex was king of the dinosaurs... Fossil remains of a bird that lived 70 million years ago appear to belong to a relative of modern ducks and geese.

BBC News

         
 
http://www.behav.org
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